Geometric Interpretation

of the Arithmetic Operations

Addition and Subtraction

Geometrically, addition of two complex numbers $Z_{1}$ and $Z_{2}$ can be visualized as addition of the vectors by using the parallelogram law. The vector sum $Z_{1} + Z_{2}$ is represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram formed by the two original vectors.

The easiest way to represent the difference $Z_{1} - Z_{2}$ is to think in terms of adding a negative vector $Z_{1} + (- Z_{2}) .$ The negative vector is the same vector as its positive counterpart, only pointing in the opposite direction.

Use the following applet to explore this geometric interpretation. Activate the boxes below to show the addition or subtraction. You can also drag the points $Z_{1}$ and $Z_{2}$ around.

Exercise 1: Can you think about a geometric interpretation of the addition of three complex numbers? In general, what would be a geometric interpretation of the addition of $n$ complex numbers?

Multiplication

In the previous section we defined the multiplication of two complex numbers $Z_{1}$ and $Z_{2}$ as

\begin{array}{rcl} Z_{1} Z_{2} & = & (x_{1} + i y_{1}) (x_{2} + i y_{2}) \\ = & (x_{1} x_{2} - y_{1} y_{2}) + i (x_{1} y_{2} + x_{2} y_{1}) . \end{array}

In this case, to appreciate what happens geometrically we need to consider the polar form of

Z_{1}

and

Z_{2} .

That is

\begin{array}{rcl} Z_{1} & = & r_{1} (\cos ϕ_{1} + i \sin ϕ_{1}) \\ Z_{2} & = & r_{2} (\cos ϕ_{2} + i \sin ϕ_{2}) \end{array}

Then the product can be written in the form

\begin{array}{rcl} Z_{1} Z_{2} & = & r_{1} r_{2} [(\cos ϕ_{1} \cos ϕ_{2} - \sin ϕ_{1} \sin ϕ_{2}) \\ + & i (\sin ϕ_{1} \cos ϕ_{2} + \cos ϕ_{1} \sin ϕ_{2})] . \end{array}

Now by means of the addition theorems of the sine and cosine this expression can be simplified to

\begin{array}{rcl} Z_{1} Z_{2} & = & r_{1} r_{2} [\cos (ϕ_{1} + ϕ_{2}) + i \sin (ϕ_{1} + ϕ_{2})] . \end{array}

Thus the product

Z_{1} Z_{2}

has the modulus

r_{1} r_{2}

and the argument

ϕ_{1} + ϕ_{2} .

In the following applet, you can appreciate what happens to the argument of the product. Drag the points $Z_{1}$ and $Z_{2}$ around and observe the behaviour of the angles. Then drag the slider below.

Exercise 2: Consider now $\begin{array}{rcl} Z_{1} & = & r_{1} (\cos ϕ_{1} + i \sin ϕ_{1}) \\ Z_{2} & = & r_{2} (\cos ϕ_{2} + i \sin ϕ_{2}) \end{array}$ such that $Z_{2} \neq 0.$ Find the polar representation of $Z_{1} / Z_{2} .$ What is the geometric interpretation of this expression?

Multiplication of complex numbers as stretching (squeezing) and rotation

In the applet below a set of points are defined randomly on the complex plane. Then each point is multiplied by a given complex number $z .$ On the right-side screen, drag around the point $z$ and analyze the behaviour of the points (⭕) multiplied by $z$ and try to answer the following questions:

What happens when $z$ is inside, or outside, the unit circle?
What happens if $z$ moves only around the unit circle?

Note: You can also study the behaviour of the points (⚫) multiplied by

1 / z

by activating the box Multiply by 1/z.

As you already have noticed, the geometric interpretation of multiplication of complex numbers is stretching (or squeezing) and rotation of vectors in the plane.

In the previous applet, with the option Multiply by z, set n = 1 by dragging the slider to the left side. In this case, the applet shows the three complex numbers $z_{0}, z and z_{1} = z_{0} \cdot z,$ represented as vectors. When $z_{0}$ and $z$ are non zero, then

the modulus of $z_{1}$ is equal to $| z_{0} \cdot z |,$ and
the argument of $z_{1}$ is equal to $Arg (z_{0} + z) .$

| z | > 1,

we deal with stretching. If

| z | < 1,

it is a case of squeezing.

Exercise 3: Use the same applet, with the option Multiply by 1/z, to investigate what happens when we multiply by $1 / z .$ Set n = 1 by dragging the slider to the left side to show the three complex numbers $z_{0}, z and z_{2} = z_{0} \cdot \frac{1}{z} .$ What happens to the modulus and argument of $z_{2}$ ?